How to Build a Simple Arduino Calculator? - DIY Arduino Uno Based Calculator
How to Build a Simple Arduino Calculator? - DIY Arduino Uno Calculator
Circuit Diagram
Components
Component Description
Circuit Design
Working Process
Advantages
Code:
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In this project, we will design a simple arithmetic calculator
using Arduino UNO, a 16 x 2 LCD display
and 4 x 4 Matrix Keypad.
Circuit Diagram
Components
·Arduino UNO
·16 x 2 LCD Display
·4 x 4 Matrix Keypad Module or
16 Push buttons
·10 KΩ Potentiometer
·Bread board ( Prototyping board
)
·Connecting wires
Component Description
Arduino UNO:
The Microcontroller part of the project is the Arduino UNO. It
controls the LCD and matrix keypad and also performs the necessary calculations
as per the user input.
16 x 2 LCD Display:
It is a simple alpha – numeric display module that is used to
display the welcome messages, user
inputs and finally the output of the calculations.
4 x 4 Matrix Keypad:
Keypads are a part of Human Machine Interface and play really
important role in embedded systems where human input is needed. Matrix Keypads
are commonly used in calculators, telephones etc. where a number of input
switches are required.
Construction of a 4X4 keypad is really simple. It consists of 16
buttons or switches arranged in the form of an array containing four rows and
four columns. One end of the pushbutton is connected to one row, and the other end is connected to one column.
Circuit Design
The design of the circuit is simple to understand but a little
bit messy to implement as it involves a lot of connections and wires. The
design of the circuit is explained here.
First, the connection of
LCD display to Arduino UNO. LCD is used in 4 – bit mode and hence, only 4 data connections are needed. The data
pins D4 through D7 (Pins 11 – 14) are connected to digital I/O pins 2 through 5
of the Arduino.
Then, we need to connect
the three control pins of LCD i.e. RS, RW and E. RS (Pin 4) is connected to Pin 0 of
the Arduino. E (Pin 6) is connected to Pin 1 of the Arduino. RW (Pin 5) is
connected to ground.
Note:
RS and E are connected to Pins 0 and 1 of Arduino which are
usually associated with serial communication. We must be careful while
programming the device and hence we must disconnect these two connections while
we are programming Arduino UNO.
The next connections are with respect to power supply of LCD.
Pin 1 (VSS) is connected to ground and Pin 2 (VDD) is connected to 5V supply.
Pin 3 (VEE) is connected to a POT for adjusting the contrast of display.
Pin 15 and Pin 16 are supply pins for backlight LED. They must
be connected to 5V and ground supply.
The next connection is with respect to matrix keypad. The 4 row
pins of the keypad (row 1 to row 4) are connected to pins 13 through 10 of
Arduino UNO and the 4 column pins (col 1 to col 4) are connected to pins 9
through 6 of Arduino UNO.
Working Process
A simple calculator is designed in this project using Arduino
UNO board and a keypad matrix. The working of the project is explained here.
The keypad in the project consists of 4 rows and 4 columns and
the structure is similar to the image shown below.
A special library called “Keypad.h”
is used in order to find out which key is pressed. This library
must be downloaded separately and must be added to Arduino IDE.
When the key is determined, relevant operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can be performed.
A clear screen (of LCD display) button is also included.
Even though the library does the most of the work, we can understand the processing of
determining the key.
As mentioned in the circuit design, the rows of the keypad are connected to pins
13 – 10 of Arduino and columns of keypad are connected to pins 9 – 6 of
Arduino.
All the row pins are pulled high and all the column pins are
pulled low. From now onwards, the
Arduino waits for the column pin to become HIGH, which happens if a key is pressed.
Consider, if a key is
pressed, the switch closes the
connection between the corresponding row and column. Due to the flow of current
from high to low potential, the column
will become high.
This change in potential at the column, makes the Arduino to understand that the key
corresponding to the particular column is pressed.
Now it’s time to find the row. Instead of giving HIGH signal to
all the rows at once, Arduino will
enable HIGH to one row at a time and check whether there is a HIGH signal
detected on the column. If there is no HIGH signal detected on the
corresponding column, Arduino will scan
for the next row.
This process will repeat until there is a HIGH signal detected
on the corresponding column. Once if the HIGH signal is detected on the
corresponding column, thus the row is
identified.
From the outside, this
key detection process seems to be taking long time but really the time taken to
complete all the above mentioned process will be in micro seconds. But the
average time a human takes for pushing a button is in milli seconds. That’s why,
the key detection process will start
when the key is pressed and completes before the key is released.
Advantages
·A
simple arithmetic calculator is implemented in this project using Arduino UNO, matrix keypad and LCD.
·Can
be extended to perform complex calculations, but the logic must be carefully designed in
order to solve those calculations. This may even result in increased number of
switches.
Code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
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